Application of nanomaterials in three‐dimensional stem cell culture

Petri dish cultured cells have for long provided scientists an aperture to
understanding cell's behavior both in normal and disease states as well as in
vitro and in vivo. But recent advances have brought to light how the
architecture and composite nature of the immediate environment within which
the cell is proliferated can profoundly influence its phenotypic features and
functions, thus making obvious, limitations of the conventional two‐dimen-
sional cell culture despite it cost effectiveness. Fortunately, the transition to
three‐dimensional (3D) cell culture has occurred concurrently with expanded
knowledge of nanoscience and materials, thereby lending significant impetus
for innovative research. This review is focused on the application of
nanoparticles in 3D stem cell breeding, recent trends and developments in
medical sciences for improved drug delivery, and treatment approaches to some
human diseases. We also reviewed prevailing challenges and concerns of
nanotoxicity as it continues to impede and delay clinical applications as well the
ongoing concerted and multidisciplinary efforts to overcome them.