Immune checkpoints in targetedimmunotherapy of pancreatic cancer: New hope for clinical development

Immunotherapy has been recently considered as a promising alternative for cancer treatment.
Indeed, targeting of immune checkpoint (ICP) strategies have shown significant success in human malignancies.
However, despite remarkable success of cancer immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer (PCa),
many of the developed immunotherapy methods show poor therapeutic outcomes in PCa with no or
few effective treatment options thus far. In this process, immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment
(TME) is found to be the main obstacle to the effectiveness of antitumor immune response induced
by an immunotherapy method. In this paper, the latest findings on the ICPs, which mediate immunosuppression
in the TME have been reviewed. In addition, different approaches for targeting ICPs in the TME