The Role of Surface Molecules in Host Responses of Leishmaniasis: Focus on Lipid Mediators

Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease that affects more than 12 million people worldwide. After parasite inoculum by female bloodsucking
insects, e.g. Phlebotomus, neutrophils quickly infiltrate and phagocytes Leishmania parasites. Macrophages are the second
immune cells. They possess several pattern recognition receptors that respond to different surface molecules such as
Lipophosphoglycan, glycoprotein 63 (GP63), PPG, GIPL, CP, and SAP. It was found that Leishmania GP63 cleaves several targets of
infected macrophages, including the myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate, p130CAS, PEST, NF-B, and AP-1. After activation
of surface molecules, lipid metabolites of arachidonic acid, including leukotrienes and prostaglandins, are important mediators in
Leishmaniasis. These lipid metabolites can be metabolized by different enzymes, including the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase.